The 2016–17 CSKA season was the 25th successive season that the club played in the Russian Premier League, the highest tier of association football in Russia. CSKA were defending Russian Premier League champions, and as a result will enter the Champions League at the Groups stage, and also take part in the Russian Cup. They finished the season in second place, behind Spartak Moscow, were knocked out of the Russian Cup by Yenisey Krasnoyarsk and finished fourth in their Champions League group that contained AS Monaco, Bayer Leverkusen and Tottenham Hotspur.

On 6 October 2016, Finland announced that Roman Eremenko had been handed a 30-day ban from football by UEFA, with UEFA announcing on 18 November 2016, that Eremenko had been handed a 2-year ban from football due to testing positive for cocaine.

On 6 December 2016, CSKA announced that manager Leonid Slutsky would leave the club after seven-years at the club, following their last game of 2016, away to Tottenham Hotspurs. 6 days later, 12 December, Viktor Goncharenko was announced as the clubs new manager, signing a two-year contract.

Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.

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