Carbon tetrachloride
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| Names | |||
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IUPAC name
Carbon tetrachloride, Tetrachloromethane
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| Other names
Benziform, Benzinoform, Carbon chloride, Carbon tet, Freon-10, Refrigerant-10, Halon-104, Methane tetrachloride, Methyl tetrachloride, Perchloromethane, Tetraform, Tetrasol
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| Identifiers | |||
56-23-5 
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| 3D model (Jmol) | Interactive image | ||
| ChEBI |
CHEBI:27385
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| ChEMBL |
ChEMBL44814
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| ChemSpider |
5730
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| ECHA InfoCard | 100.000.239 | ||
| EC Number | 200-262-8 | ||
| KEGG |
C07561
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| PubChem | 5943 | ||
| RTECS number | FG4900000 | ||
| UNII |
CL2T97X0V0
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| UN number | 1846 | ||
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| Properties | |||
| CCl4 | |||
| Molar mass | 153.81 g·mol−1 | ||
| Appearance | colourless liquid | ||
| Odor | ether-like odor | ||
| Density | 1.5867 g cm−3 (liquid) 1.831 g cm−3 at −186 °C (solid) |
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| Melting point | −22.92 °C (−9.26 °F; 250.23 K) | ||
| Boiling point | 76.72 °C (170.10 °F; 349.87 K) | ||
| 0.097 g/100 mL (0 °C) 0.081 g/100 mL (25 °C) |
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| Solubility | soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform, benzene, naphtha, CS2, formic acid | ||
| log P | 2.64 | ||
| Vapor pressure | 11.94 kPa at 20 °C | ||
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Henry's law
constant (kH) |
2.76x10−2 atm-cu m/mol | ||
| -66.60·10−6 cm3/mol | |||
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Refractive index (nD)
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1.4607 | ||
| 0 D | |||
| Structure | |||
| Monoclinic | |||
| Tetragonal | |||
| Tetrahedral | |||
| 0 D | |||
| Thermochemistry | |||
| 132.6 J/mol K | |||
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Std molar
entropy (S |
214.42 J/mol K | ||
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Std enthalpy of
formation (ΔfH |
-139.3 kJ/mol | ||
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Gibbs free energy (ΔfG˚)
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-686 kJ/mol | ||
| Hazards | |||
| Safety data sheet |
See: data page ICSC 0024 |
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EU classification (DSD)
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 T  N
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| R-phrases | R23/24/25, R40, R48/23, R59, R52/53 | ||
| S-phrases | (S1/2), S23, S36/37, S45, S59, S61 | ||
| NFPA 704 | |||
| Flash point | Non-flammable | ||
| 982 °C (1,800 °F; 1,255 K) | |||
| Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC): | |||
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LD50 (median dose)
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2350 mg/kg | ||
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LC50 (median concentration)
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5400 ppm (mammal) 8000 ppm (rat, 4 hr) 9526 ppm (mouse, 8 hr) |
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LCLo (lowest published)
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1000 ppm (human) 20,000 ppm (guinea pig, 2 hr) 38,110 ppm (cat, 2 hr) 50,000 ppm (human, 5 min) 14,620 ppm (dog, 8 hr) |
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| US health exposure limits (NIOSH): | |||
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PEL (Permissible)
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TWA 10 ppm C 25 ppm 200 ppm (5-minute maximum peak in any 4 hours) | ||
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REL (Recommended)
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Ca ST 2 ppm (12.6 mg/m3) [60-minute] | ||
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IDLH (Immediate danger)
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200 ppm | ||
| Related compounds | |||
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Other cations
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Silicon tetrachloride Germanium tetrachloride Tin tetrachloride Lead tetrachloride |
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Related chloromethanes
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Chloromethane Dichloromethane Chloroform |
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Related compounds
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Tetrafluoromethane Tetrabromomethane Tetraiodomethane |
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| Supplementary data page | |||
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Refractive index (n), Dielectric constant (εr), etc. |
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Thermodynamic
data |
Phase behaviour solid–liquid–gas |
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| UV, IR, NMR, MS | |||
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Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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 (what is  ?) |
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| Infobox references | |||
1.831 g cm−3 at −186 °C (solid)
1.809 g cm−3 at −80 °C (solid)
Carbon tetrachloride, also known by many other names (the most notable being tetrachloromethane, also recognized by the IUPAC, carbon tet in the cleaning industry, Halon-104 in firefighting and Refrigerant-10 in HVACR, is an organic compound with the chemical formula CCl4. It was formerly widely used in fire extinguishers, as a precursor to refrigerants and as a cleaning agent. It is a colourless liquid with a "sweet" smell that can be detected at low levels. It has practically no flammability at lower temperatures.
Carbon tetrachloride was originally synthesized by the French chemist Henri Victor Regnault in 1839 by the reaction of chloroform with chlorine, but now it is mainly produced from methane:
The production often utilizes by-products of other chlorination reactions, such as from the syntheses of dichloromethane and chloroform. Higher chlorocarbons are also subjected to "chlorinolysis":
Prior to the 1950s, carbon tetrachloride was manufactured by the chlorination of carbon disulfide at 105 to 130 °C:
The production of carbon tetrachloride has steeply declined since the 1980s due to environmental concerns and the decreased demand for CFCs, which were derived from carbon tetrachloride. In 1992, production in the U.S./Europe/Japan was estimated at 720,000 tonnes.
In the carbon tetrachloride molecule, four chlorine atoms are positioned symmetrically as corners in a tetrahedral configuration joined to a central carbon atom by single covalent bonds. Because of this symmetrical geometry, CCl4 is non-polar. Methane gas has the same structure, making carbon tetrachloride a halomethane. As a solvent, it is well suited to dissolving other non-polar compounds, fats, and oils. It can also dissolve iodine. It is somewhat volatile, giving off vapors with a smell characteristic of other chlorinated solvents, somewhat similar to the tetrachloroethylene smell reminiscent of dry cleaners' shops.
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