Orthotomic

The pedal curve results from the orthogonal projection of a fixed point on the tangent lines of a given curve. More precisely, for a plane curve C and a given fixed pedal point P, the pedal curve of C is the locus of points X so that the line PX is perpendicular to a tangent T to the curve passing through the point X. Conversely, at any point R on the curve C, let T be the tangent line at that point R; then there is a unique point X on the tangent T which forms with the pedal point P a line perpendicular to the tangent T (for the special case when the fixed point P lies on the tangent T, the points X and P coincide) – the pedal curve is the set of such points X, called the foot of the perpendicular to the tangent T from the fixed point P, as the variable point R ranges over the curve C.

Complementing the pedal curve, there is a unique point Y on the line normal to C at R so that PY is perpendicular to the normal, so PXRY is a (possibly degenerate) rectangle. The locus of points Y is called the contrapedal curve.

The orthotomic of a curve is its pedal magnified by a factor of 2 so that the center of similarity is P. This is locus of the reflection of P through the tangent line T.

The pedal curve is the first in a series of curves C₁, C₂, C₃, etc., where C₁ is the pedal of C, C₂ is the pedal of C₁, and so on. In this scheme, C₁ is known as the first positive pedal of C, C₂ is the second positive pedal of C, and so on. Going the other direction, C is the first negative pedal of C₁, the second negative pedal of C₂, etc.

Take P to be the origin. For a curve given by the equation F(x, y)=0, if the equation of the tangent line at R=(x₀, y₀) is written in the form

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