Zhang Zuolin
| Zhang Zuolin | |
|---|---|
During his rule of Manchuria
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| Generalissimo of the Military Government | |
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In office 18 June 1927 – 4 June 1928 |
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| Preceded by | Duan Qirui |
| Succeeded by | Tan Yankai |
| Warlord of Manchuria | |
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In office 1922 – 4 June 1928 |
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| Succeeded by | Zhang Xueliang |
| Personal details | |
| Born |
March 19, 1875 Haicheng, Liaoning, Qing Dynasty |
| Died | June 4, 1928 (aged 53) Shenyang, Liaoning, Republic of China |
| Nationality | Chinese |
| Political party | Fengtian clique |
| Spouse(s) |
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| Children | |
| Religion | Buddhism |
Zhang Zuolin (simplified Chinese: 张作霖; traditional Chinese: 張作霖; pinyin: Zhāng Zuòlín; Wade–Giles: Chang Tso-lin; (1875–1928) was the warlord of Manchuria from 1916 to 1928 (see Warlord Era in China). He successfully invaded China proper in October 1924 in the Second Zhili-Fengtian War. He gained control of Peking, including China's internationally recognized government, in April 1926. The economy of Manchuria, the basis of Zhang's power, was overtaxed by his adventurism and collapsed in the winter of 1927-1928. Zhang was defeated by the Nationalists under Chiang Kai-shek in May 1928. He was killed by a bomb planted by a Japanese Kwantung Army officer on 4 June 1928. Although Zhang had been Japan's proxy in China, Japanese militarists were infuriated by his failure to stop the advance of the Nationalists.
Zhang was fiercely anti-Republican and supported the restoration of the Qing dynasty. His nicknames include the "Old Marshal" (大帥, P: Dàshuài, W: Ta-shuai), "Rain Marshal" (雨帥, P: Yǔshuài, W: Yü-shuai) and "Mukden Tiger". The American press referred to him as "Marshal Chang Tso-lin, Tuchun of Manchuria."
Zhang was born in 1875 in Haicheng, a county in southern Fengtian province (modern Liaoning) in northeastern China. He was born to poor parents. He received little formal education, and the only non-military trade that he learned in his lifetime was a small amount of veterinary science. His grandfather had come to the northeast after fleeing a famine in Zhili (modern Hebei) in 1821. As a child, Zhang was known by the nickname "pimple". He spent his early youth hunting, fishing, and brawling. He hunted hares in the Manchurian countryside to help feed his family. In appearance he was thin and rather short.
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