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War of the Three Kingdoms

Wars of the Three Kingdoms
Charles I in Three Positions by Anthony van Dyck, 1635–36
Monarch of the Three Kingdoms: Charles I in Three Positions by Anthony van Dyck, painted in 1633.
Date 1639—1651
(12 years)
Location Great Britain and Ireland
Result

English Parliamentary Army victory over all other protagonists

  • Execution of King Charles I
  • Exile of Charles II
  • Defeat of the Irish Confederates
  • Defeat of the Scottish Covenanters
  • English Parliament reduced to a Rump
  • Establishment of the republican Commonwealth
Belligerents
English, Scottish and Irish Royalists Scottish Covenanters Irish Confederates Irish Protestants English Parliamentarians
Commanders and leaders
Casualties and losses
50,000 English and Welsh 34,000
127,000 noncombat English and Welsh deaths (including some 40,000 civilians)

English Parliamentary Army victory over all other protagonists

The Wars of the Three Kingdoms, sometimes known as the British Civil Wars, formed an intertwined series of conflicts that took place in England, Ireland and Scotland between 1639 and 1651. The English Civil War proper has become the best-known of these conflicts and included the execution of the kingdoms' monarch, Charles I, by the English parliament in 1649.

The history of these wars is often extended to include the uprisings and conflicts that continued through the 1650s until the English Restoration of the monarchy with Charles II, in 1660, and sometimes until Venner's uprising the following year. The wars were the outcome of tensions over religious and civil issues. Religious disputes centred on whether religion was to be dictated by the monarch or the choice of the individual, with many people feeling that they ought to have freedom of religion. The related civil questions were to what extent the king's rule was constrained by parliaments—in particular his right to raise taxes and armed forces without consent. Furthermore, the wars also had an element of national conflict, as Ireland and Scotland rebelled against England's primacy within the Three Kingdoms. The victory of the English Parliament—ultimately under Oliver Cromwell—over the king, the Irish and the Scots helped to determine the future of Great Britain and Ireland as a constitutional monarchy with political power centred on London.

The wars included the Bishops' Wars of 1639 and 1640, the Scottish Civil War of 1644–45; the Irish Rebellion of 1641, Confederate Ireland, 1642–49 and the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland in 1649 (collectively the Eleven Years War or Irish Confederate Wars); and the First, Second and Third English Civil Wars of 1642–46, 1648–49 and 1650–51.


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